Methods and apparatus for determining quantization parameter predictors from a plurality of neighboring quantization parameters

ABSTRACT

Methods and apparatus are provided for determining quantization parameter predictors from a plurality of neighboring quantization parameters. An apparatus includes an encoder for encoding image data for at least a portion of a picture using a quantization parameter predictor for a current quantization parameter to be applied to the image data. The quantization parameter predictor is determined using multiple quantization parameters from previously coded neighboring portions. A difference between the current quantization parameter and the quantization parameter predictor is encoded for signaling to a corresponding decoder.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuing application of U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 13/702,519 and also claims the benefit of U.S. ProvisionalApplication Ser. No. 61/353,365, filed Jun. 10, 2010, which isincorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present principles relate generally to video encoding and decodingand, more particularly, to methods and apparatus for determiningquantization parameter predictors from a plurality of neighboringquantization parameters.

BACKGROUND

Most video applications seek the highest possible perceptual quality fora given set of bit rate constraints. For example, in a low bit rateapplication such as a videophone system, a video encoder may providehigher quality by eliminating the strong visual artifacts at the regionsof interest that are visually more noticeable and therefore moreimportant. On the other hand, in a high bit rate application, visuallylossless quality is expected everywhere in the pictures and a videoencoder should also achieve transparent quality. One challenge inobtaining transparent visual quality in high bit rate applications is topreserve details, especially at smooth regions where loss of details aremore visible than that at the non-smooth regions because of the texturemasking property of the human visual system.

Increasing the available bit rate is one of the most straightforwardapproaches to improving objective and subjective quality. When the bitrate is given, an encoder manipulates its bit allocation module to spendthe available bits where the most visual quality improvement can beobtained. In non-real-time applications such as digital video disk (DVD)authoring, the video encoder can facilitate a variable-bit-rate (VBR)design to produce a video with a constant quality on both difficult andeasily encoded contents over time. In such applications, the availablebits are appropriately distributed over the different video segments toobtain a constant quality. In contrast, a constant-bit-rate (CBR) systemassigns the same number of bits to an interval of one or more picturesdespite their encoding difficulty and produces visual quality thatvaries with the video content. For both variable-bit-rate andconstant-bit-rate encoding systems, an encoder can allocate bitsaccording to perceptual models within a picture. One characteristic ofhuman perception is texture masking, which explains why human eyes aremore sensitive to loss of quality at the smooth regions than in texturedregions. This property can be utilized to increase the number of bitsallocated to the smooth regions to obtain a higher visual quality.

The quantization process in a video encoder controls the number ofencoded bits and the quality. It is common to adjust the quality throughadjusting the quantization parameters (QPs). The quantization parametersmay include the quantization step size, rounding offset, and scalingmatrix. In the International Organization forStandardization/International Electrotechnical Commission (ISO/IEC)Moving Picture Experts Group-4 (MPEG-4) Part 10 Advanced Video Coding(AVC) Standard/International Telecommunication Union, TelecommunicationSector (ITU-T) H.264 Recommendation (hereinafter the “MPEG-4 AVCStandard”), the quantization parameter values can be adjusted on a sliceor macroblock (MB) level. The encoder has the flexibility to tunequantization parameters and signal the adjustment to the decoder. Thequantization parameter signaling requires an overhead cost.

QP Coding in the MPEG-4 AVC Standard

The syntax in the MPEG-4 AVC Standard allows quantization parameters tobe different for each slice and macroblock (MB). The value of aquantization parameter is an integer and is in the range of 0-51. Theinitial value for each slice can be derived from the syntax elementpic_init_qp_minus26. The initial value is modified at the slice layerwhen a non-zero value of slice_qp_delta is coded, and is modifiedfurther when a non-zero value of mb_qp_delta is coded at the macroblocklayer.

Mathematically, the initial quantization parameter for the slice iscomputed as follows:SliceQP_(Y)=26+pic_init_qp_minus26+slice_qp_delta,  (1)

At the macroblock layer, the value of QP is derived as follows:QP_(Y)=QP_(Y,PREV)+mb_qp_delta,  (2)where QP_(Y,PREV) is the quantization parameter of the previousmacroblock in the decoding order in the current slice.Quantization Parameter Coding in a First Prior Art Approach

In a first prior art approach (as well as a second prior art approachdescribed in further detail herein below), motion partitions larger than16×16 pixels are implemented. Using the first prior art approach as anexample, macroblocks of sizes 64×64, 64×32, 32×64, 32×32, 32×16, and16×32 are used in addition to the existing MPEG-4 AVC Standardpartitioning sizes. Two new syntax elements mb64_delta_qp andmb32_delta_qp are introduced to code the quantization parameters forlarge blocks.

The first prior art approach permits the luminance quantizer step sizeto change as follows. If a 64×64 block is partitioned into four separate32×32 blocks, each 32×32 block can have its own quantization parameter.If a 32×32 block is further partitioned into four 16×16 blocks, each16×16 block can also have its own quantization parameter. Thisinformation is signaled to the decoder using delta_qp syntax. For a64×64 block, if the mb64_type is not P8×8 (meaning no furtherpartition), mb64_delta_qp is encoded to signal the relative change inluminance quantizer step size with respect to the block on the top-leftside of the current block. This block can be of size 64×64, 32×32 or16×16. The decoded value of mb64_qp_delta is restricted to be in therange [−26, 25]. The mb64_qp_delta value is inferred to be equal to 0when it is not present for any block (including P_Skip and B_Skip blocktypes). The value of luminance quantization for the current block,QP_(Y), is derived as follows:QP_(Y)=(QP_(Y,PREV)+mb64_qp_delta+52)%52,  (3)where QP_(Y,PREV) is the luminance QP of the previous 64×64 block in thedecoding order in the current slice. For the first 64×64 block in theslice, QP_(Y,PREV) is set equal to the slice quantization parameter sentin the slice header.

If mb64_type is P8×8 (meaning a 64×64 block is portioned into four 32×32blocks), then for each 32×32 block, the same process is repeated. Thatis, if mb32_type is not P8×8 (meaning no further partition),mb32_delta_qp is encoded. Otherwise, delta_qp for each 16×16 macroblockis sent to the decoder as in the MPEG-4 AVC Standard. It should be notedthat when delta_qp is signaled at the 64×64 or 32×32 block size, it isapplicable to all the blocks in the motion partition.

Quantization Parameter Coding in a Second Prior Art Approach

In the second prior art approach, the large blocks are supported throughthe concept of a coding unit. In the second prior art approach, a codingunit (CU) is defined as a basic unit which has a square shape. Althoughit has a similar role to the macroblock and sub-macroblock in the MPEG-4AVC Standard, the main difference lies in the fact that the coding unitcan have various sizes, with no distinction corresponding to its size.All processing except frame-based loop filtering is performed on acoding unit basis, including intra/inter prediction, transform,quantization and entropy coding. Two special terms are defined: thelargest coding unit (LCU); and the smallest coding unit (SCU). Forconvenient implementation, LCU size and SCU size are limited to valueswhich are a power of 2 and which are greater than or equal to 8.

It is assumed that a picture consists of non-overlapped LCUs. Since thecoding unit is restricted to be a square shape, the coding unitstructure within a LCU can be expressed in a recursive treerepresentation adapted to the picture. That is, the coding unit ischaracterized by the largest coding unit size and the hierarchical depthin the largest coding unit that the coding unit belongs to.

Coupled with the coding unit, the second prior art approach introduces abasic unit for the prediction mode: the prediction unit (PU). It shouldbe noted that the prediction unit is defined only for the last-depthcoding unit and its size is limited to that of the coding unit. Similarto conventional standards, two different terms are defined to specifythe prediction method: the prediction type; and the prediction unitsplitting. The prediction type is one of the values among skip, intra orinter, which roughly describe the nature of the prediction method. Afterthat, possible prediction unit splittings are defined according to theprediction type. For a coding unit size of 2N×2N, the prediction unitfor intra has two different possible splittings: 2N×2N (i.e., no split);and N×N (i.e., a quarter split). The prediction unit for inter has eightdifferent possible splittings: four symmetric splittings (2N×2N, 2N×N,N×2N, N×N) and four asymmetric splittings (2N×nU, 2N×nD, nL×2N andnR×2N).

In addition to the coding unit and prediction unit definitions, atransform unit (TU) for transform and quantization is definedseparately. It should be noted that the size of the transform unit maybe larger than that of the prediction unit, which is different fromprevious video standards, but the transform unit may not exceed thecoding unit size. However, the transform unit size is not arbitrary andonce a prediction unit structure has been defined for a coding unit,only two transform unit partitions are possible. As a result, the sizeof the transform unit in the coding unit is determined by thetransform_unit_size_flag. If the transform_unit_size_flag is set to 0,the size of the transform unit is the same as that of the coding unit towhich the transform unit belongs. Otherwise, the transform unit size isset as N×N or N/2×N/2 according to the prediction unit splitting.

The basic principle for the quantization and de-quantizationcoefficients for large transforms is the same as that used in the MPEG-4AVC Standard, i.e., a scalar quantizer with a dead-zone. Exactly thesame quantization parameter range and corresponding quantization stephave been used in the proposed codec. For each coding unit, the proposalpermits the quantization parameter to change. The value of luminancequantization for the current block, QP_(Y), is derived as follows:QP_(Y)=SliceQP_(Y)+qp_delta,  (4)where SliceQP_(Y) is the quantization parameter for the slice, andqp_delta is the difference between the quantization parameter for thecurrent coding unit and the slice. The same quantization parameter isapplied to the whole coding unit.Typical QP Coding Process—QP Predictor from a Single QP

Turning to FIG. 1, a conventional quantization parameter encodingprocess in a video encoder is indicated generally by the referencenumeral 100. The method 100 includes a start block 105 that passescontrol to a function block 110. The function block 110 sets aquantization parameter (QP) for a slice to SliceQP_(Y), storesSliceQP_(Y) as the QP predictor, and passes control to a loop limitblock 115. The loop limit block 115 begins a loop using a variable ihaving a range from 1, . . . , number (#) of coding units, and passescontrol to a function block 120. The function block 120 sets the QP foreach coding unit to QP_(CU), and passes control to a function block 125.The function block 125 encodes delta_QP=QP_(CU)−SliceQP_(Y), and passescontrol to a function block 130. The function block 130 encodes codingunit i, and passes control to a loop limit block 135. The loop limitblock 135 ends the loop over the coding units, and passes control to anend block 199.

Thus, in method 100, a single QP, namely the slice QP (SliceQP_(Y)), isused as the predictor for the QP to be encoded. Regarding function block120, the QP for a coding unit is adjusted based on its content and/orthe previous encoding results. For example, a smooth coding unit willlower the QP to improve the perceptual quality. In another example, ifthe previous coding units use more bits than the assigned ones, then thecurrent coding unit will increase the QP to consume fewer bits than whatis originally assigned. The difference between the QP for the currentcoding unit (QP_(CU)) and the QP predictor, SliceQP_(Y), in thisexample, is encoded (per function block 125).

Turning to FIG. 2, a conventional quantization parameter decodingprocess in a video decoder is indicated generally by the referencenumeral 200. The method 200 includes a start block 205 that passescontrol to a function block 210. The function block 210 decodesSliceQP_(Y), stores SliceQP_(Y) as the QP predictor, and passes controlto a loop limit block 215. The loop limit block 215 begins a loop usinga variable i having a range from 1, . . . , number (#) of coding units,and passes control to a function block 220. The function block 220decodes delta_QP, and passes control to a function block 225. Thefunction block 225 sets the QP for each coding unit toQP_(CU)=SliceQP_(Y)+delta_QP, and passes control to a function block230. The function block 230 decodes coding unit i, and passes control toa loop limit block 235. The loop limit block 235 ends the loop over thecoding units, and passes control to an end block 299. Regarding functionblock 230, the coding unit is reconstructed thereby.

SUMMARY

These and other drawbacks and disadvantages of the prior art areaddressed by the present principles, which are directed to methods andapparatus for determining quantization parameter predictors from aplurality of neighboring quantization parameters.

According to an aspect of the present principles, there is provided anapparatus. The apparatus includes an encoder for encoding image data forat least a portion of a picture using a quantization parameter predictorfor a current quantization parameter to be applied to the image data.The quantization parameter predictor is determined using multiplequantization parameters from previously coded neighboring portions. Adifference between the current quantization parameter and thequantization parameter predictor is encoded for signaling to acorresponding decoder.

According to another aspect of the present principles, there is provideda method in a video encoder. The method includes encoding image data forat least a portion of a picture using a quantization parameter predictorfor a current quantization parameter to be applied to the image data.The quantization parameter predictor is determined using multiplequantization parameters from previously coded neighboring portions. Themethod further includes encoding a difference between the currentquantization parameter and the quantization parameter predictor forsignaling to a corresponding decoder.

According to still another aspect of the present principles, there isprovided an apparatus. The apparatus includes a decoder for decodingimage data for at least a portion of a picture using a quantizationparameter predictor for a current quantization parameter to be appliedto the image data. The quantization parameter predictor is determinedusing multiple quantization parameters from previously coded neighboringportions. A difference between the current quantization parameter andthe quantization parameter predictor is decoded for use in decoding theimage data.

According to yet another aspect of the present principles, there isprovided a method in a video decoder. The method includes decoding imagedata for at least a portion of a picture using a quantization parameterpredictor for a current quantization parameter to be applied to theimage data. The quantization parameter predictor is determined usingmultiple quantization parameters from previously coded neighboringportions. The method further includes decoding a difference between thecurrent quantization parameter and the quantization parameter predictorfor use in decoding the image data.

These and other aspects, features and advantages of the presentprinciples will become apparent from the following detailed descriptionof exemplary embodiments, which is to be read in connection with theaccompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The present principles may be better understood in accordance with thefollowing exemplary figures, in which:

FIG. 1 is a flow diagram showing a conventional quantization parameterencoding process in a video encoder, in accordance with the prior art;

FIG. 2 is a flow diagram showing a conventional quantization parameterdecoding process in a video decoder, in accordance with the prior art;

FIG. 3 is a block diagram showing an exemplary video encoder to whichthe present principles may be applied, in accordance with an embodimentof the present principles;

FIG. 4 is a block diagram showing an exemplary video decoder to whichthe present principles may be applied, in accordance with an embodimentof the present principles;

FIG. 5 is a flow diagram showing an exemplary quantization parameterencoding process in a video encoder, in accordance with an embodiment ofthe present principles;

FIG. 6 is a flow diagram showing an exemplary quantization parameterdecoding process in a video decoder, in accordance with an embodiment ofthe present principles;

FIG. 7 is a diagram showing exemplary neighboring coding units, inaccordance with an embodiment of the present principles;

FIG. 8 is a flow diagram showing another exemplary quantizationparameter encoding process in a video encoder, in accordance with anembodiment of the present principles;

FIG. 9 is a flow diagram showing another exemplary quantizationparameter decoding process in a video decoder, in accordance with anembodiment of the present principles;

FIG. 10 is a flow diagram showing yet another exemplary quantizationparameter encoding process in a video encoder, in accordance with anembodiment of the present principles, in accordance with an embodimentof the present principles; and

FIG. 11 is a flow diagram showing yet another exemplary quantizationparameter decoding process in a video decoder, in accordance with anembodiment of the present principles.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present principles are directed to methods and apparatus fordetermining quantization parameter predictors from a plurality ofneighboring quantization parameters.

The present description illustrates the present principles. It will thusbe appreciated that those skilled in the art will be able to devisevarious arrangements that, although not explicitly described or shownherein, embody the present principles and are included within its spiritand scope.

All examples and conditional language recited herein are intended forpedagogical purposes to aid the reader in understanding the presentprinciples and the concepts contributed by the inventor(s) to furtheringthe art, and are to be construed as being without limitation to suchspecifically recited examples and conditions.

Moreover, all statements herein reciting principles, aspects, andembodiments of the present principles, as well as specific examplesthereof, are intended to encompass both structural and functionalequivalents thereof. Additionally, it is intended that such equivalentsinclude both currently known equivalents as well as equivalentsdeveloped in the future, i.e., any elements developed that perform thesame function, regardless of structure.

Thus, for example, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the artthat the block diagrams presented herein represent conceptual views ofillustrative circuitry embodying the present principles. Similarly, itwill be appreciated that any flow charts, flow diagrams, statetransition diagrams, pseudocode, and the like represent variousprocesses which may be substantially represented in computer readablemedia and so executed by a computer or processor, whether or not suchcomputer or processor is explicitly shown.

The functions of the various elements shown in the figures may beprovided through the use of dedicated hardware as well as hardwarecapable of executing software in association with appropriate software.When provided by a processor, the functions may be provided by a singlededicated processor, by a single shared processor, or by a plurality ofindividual processors, some of which may be shared. Moreover, explicituse of the term “processor” or “controller” should not be construed torefer exclusively to hardware capable of executing software, and mayimplicitly include, without limitation, digital signal processor (“DSP”)hardware, read-only memory (“ROM”) for storing software, random accessmemory (“RAM”), and non-volatile storage.

Other hardware, conventional and/or custom, may also be included.Similarly, any switches shown in the figures are conceptual only. Theirfunction may be carried out through the operation of program logic,through dedicated logic, through the interaction of program control anddedicated logic, or even manually, the particular technique beingselectable by the implementer as more specifically understood from thecontext.

In the claims hereof, any element expressed as a means for performing aspecified function is intended to encompass any way of performing thatfunction including, for example, a) a combination of circuit elementsthat performs that function or b) software in any form, including,therefore, firmware, microcode or the like, combined with appropriatecircuitry for executing that software to perform the function. Thepresent principles as defined by such claims reside in the fact that thefunctionalities provided by the various recited means are combined andbrought together in the manner which the claims call for. It is thusregarded that any means that can provide those functionalities areequivalent to those shown herein.

Reference in the specification to “one embodiment” or “an embodiment” ofthe present principles, as well as other variations thereof, means thata particular feature, structure, characteristic, and so forth describedin connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodimentof the present principles. Thus, the appearances of the phrase “in oneembodiment” or “in an embodiment”, as well any other variations,appearing in various places throughout the specification are notnecessarily all referring to the same embodiment.

It is to be appreciated that the use of any of the following “/”,“and/or”, and “at least one of”, for example, in the cases of “A/B”, “Aand/or B” and “at least one of A and B”, is intended to encompass theselection of the first listed option (A) only, or the selection of thesecond listed option (B) only, or the selection of both options (A andB). As a further example, in the cases of “A, B, and/or C” and “at leastone of A, B, and C”, such phrasing is intended to encompass theselection of the first listed option (A) only, or the selection of thesecond listed option (B) only, or the selection of the third listedoption (C) only, or the selection of the first and the second listedoptions (A and B) only, or the selection of the first and third listedoptions (A and C) only, or the selection of the second and third listedoptions (B and C) only, or the selection of all three options (A and Band C). This may be extended, as readily apparent by one of ordinaryskill in this and related arts, for as many items listed.

Also, as used herein, the words “picture” and “image” are usedinterchangeably and refer to a still image or a picture from a videosequence. As is known, a picture may be a frame or a field.

Moreover, as used herein, the phrase “coding unit” (CU) refers to abasic unit which has a square shape. Although it has a similar role tothe macroblock and sub-macroblock in the MPEG-4 AVC Standard, the maindifference lies in the fact that the coding unit can have various sizes,with no distinction corresponding to its size. All processing exceptframe-based loop filtering is performed on a coding unit basis,including intra/inter prediction, transform, quantization and entropycoding.

Further, as used herein, the phrase “prediction unit” (PU) refers to abasic unit for the prediction mode. It should be noted that the PU isonly defined for the last-depth CU and its size is limited to that ofthe CU. All information related to prediction is signaled on a PU basis.

Also, as used herein, the phrase “transform unit” (TU) refers to a basicunit for the transform. It should be noted that the size of thetransform unit may be larger than that of the prediction unit, which isdifferent from previous video standards, but the transform unit may notexceed the coding unit size. However, the transform unit size is notarbitrary and once a prediction unit structure has been defined for acoding unit, only two transform unit partitions are possible. As aresult, the size of the transform unit in the coding unit is determinedby the transform_unit_size_flag. If the transform_unit_size_flag is setto 0, the size of the transform unit is the same as that of the codingunit to which the transform unit belongs. Otherwise, the transform unitsize is set as N×N or N/2×N/2 according to the prediction unitsplitting.

Additionally, as used herein, the phrase “skip mode” refers to aprediction mode where the motion information is inferred from the motionvector predictor, and neither motion nor texture information are sent.

Moreover, it is to be appreciated that for purposes of simplicity andclarity of description, we start with the basics defined by the secondprior art approach and define new variables, principles, syntax, and soforth as modifications to the second prior art approach. However, itwould be apparent to those skilled in the art that the principles andconcepts disclosed and described herein in conjunction with the presentinvention would be applicable to any new or modified standard orproprietary system—and is in no way tied solely to a modification of thesecond prior art approach. Neither is it tied to the first prior artapproach, the MPEG-4 AVC Standard, or any other approach or standard.

Turning to FIG. 3, an exemplary video encoder to which the presentprinciples may be applied is indicated generally by the referencenumeral 300. The video encoder 300 includes a frame ordering buffer 310having an output in signal communication with a non-inverting input of acombiner 385. An output of the combiner 385 is connected in signalcommunication with a first input of a transformer and quantizer (withmultiple predictors) 325. An output of the transformer and quantizer(with multiple predictors) 325 is connected in signal communication witha first input of an entropy coder 345 and a first input of an inversetransformer and inverse quantizer (with multiple predictors) 350. Anoutput of the entropy coder 345 is connected in signal communicationwith a first non-inverting input of a combiner 390. An output of thecombiner 390 is connected in signal communication with a first input ofan output buffer 335.

A first output of an encoder controller 305 is connected in signalcommunication with a second input of the frame ordering buffer 310, asecond input of the inverse transformer and inverse quantizer (withmultiple predictors) 350, an input of a picture-type decision module315, a first input of a macroblock-type (MB-type) decision module 320, asecond input of an intra prediction module 360, a second input of adeblocking filter 365, a first input of a motion compensator 370, afirst input of a motion estimator 375, and a second input of a referencepicture buffer 380.

A second output of the encoder controller 305 is connected in signalcommunication with a first input of a Supplemental EnhancementInformation (SEI) inserter 330, a second input of the transformer andquantizer (with multiple predictors) 325, a second input of the entropycoder 345, a second input of the output buffer 335, and an input of theSequence Parameter Set (SPS) and Picture Parameter Set (PPS) inserter340.

An output of the SEI inserter 330 is connected in signal communicationwith a second non-inverting input of the combiner 390.

A first output of the picture-type decision module 315 is connected insignal communication with a third input of the frame ordering buffer310. A second output of the picture-type decision module 315 isconnected in signal communication with a second input of amacroblock-type decision module 320.

An output of the Sequence Parameter Set (SPS) and Picture Parameter Set(PPS) inserter 340 is connected in signal communication with a thirdnon-inverting input of the combiner 390.

An output of the inverse quantizer and inverse transformer (withmultiple predictors) 350 is connected in signal communication with afirst non-inverting input of a combiner 319. An output of the combiner319 is connected in signal communication with a first input of the intraprediction module 360 and a first input of the deblocking filter 365. Anoutput of the deblocking filter 365 is connected in signal communicationwith a first input of a reference picture buffer 380. An output of thereference picture buffer 380 is connected in signal communication with asecond input of the motion estimator 375 and a third input of the motioncompensator 370. A first output of the motion estimator 375 is connectedin signal communication with a second input of the motion compensator370. A second output of the motion estimator 375 is connected in signalcommunication with a third input of the entropy coder 345.

An output of the motion compensator 370 is connected in signalcommunication with a first input of a switch 397. An output of the intraprediction module 360 is connected in signal communication with a secondinput of the switch 397. An output of the macroblock-type decisionmodule 320 is connected in signal communication with a third input ofthe switch 397. The third input of the switch 397 determines whether ornot the “data” input of the switch (as compared to the control input,i.e., the third input) is to be provided by the motion compensator 370or the intra prediction module 360. The output of the switch 397 isconnected in signal communication with a second non-inverting input ofthe combiner 319 and an inverting input of the combiner 385.

A first input of the frame ordering buffer 310 and an input of theencoder controller 305 are available as inputs of the encoder 100, forreceiving an input picture. Moreover, a second input of the SupplementalEnhancement Information (SEI) inserter 330 is available as an input ofthe encoder 300, for receiving metadata. An output of the output buffer335 is available as an output of the encoder 300, for outputting abitstream.

Turning to FIG. 4, an exemplary video decoder to which the presentprinciples may be applied is indicated generally by the referencenumeral 400. The video decoder 400 includes an input buffer 410 havingan output connected in signal communication with a first input of anentropy decoder 445. A first output of the entropy decoder 445 isconnected in signal communication with a first input of an inversetransformer and inverse quantizer (with multiple predictors) 450. Anoutput of the inverse transformer and inverse quantizer (with multiplepredictors) 450 is connected in signal communication with a secondnon-inverting input of a combiner 425. An output of the combiner 425 isconnected in signal communication with a second input of a deblockingfilter 465 and a first input of an intra prediction module 460. A secondoutput of the deblocking filter 465 is connected in signal communicationwith a first input of a reference picture buffer 480. An output of thereference picture buffer 480 is connected in signal communication with asecond input of a motion compensator 470.

A second output of the entropy decoder 445 is connected in signalcommunication with a third input of the motion compensator 470, a firstinput of the deblocking filter 465, and a third input of the intrapredictor 460. A third output of the entropy decoder 445 is connected insignal communication with an input of a decoder controller 405. A firstoutput of the decoder controller 405 is connected in signalcommunication with a second input of the entropy decoder 445. A secondoutput of the decoder controller 405 is connected in signalcommunication with a second input of the inverse transformer and inversequantizer (with multiple predictors) 450. A third output of the decodercontroller 405 is connected in signal communication with a third inputof the deblocking filter 465. A fourth output of the decoder controller405 is connected in signal communication with a second input of theintra prediction module 460, a first input of the motion compensator470, and a second input of the reference picture buffer 480.

An output of the motion compensator 470 is connected in signalcommunication with a first input of a switch 497. An output of the intraprediction module 460 is connected in signal communication with a secondinput of the switch 497. An output of the switch 497 is connected insignal communication with a first non-inverting input of the combiner425.

An input of the input buffer 410 is available as an input of the decoder400, for receiving an input bitstream. A first output of the deblockingfilter 465 is available as an output of the decoder 400, for outputtingan output picture.

As noted above, the present principles are directed to methods andapparatus for determining quantization parameter predictors from aplurality of neighboring quantization parameters.

Regarding the aforementioned first and second prior art approaches, wenote that the same support adjusting quantization parameters on a blocklevel, where the block can be a macroblock, a large block (as in thefirst prior art approach), or a coding unit (as in the second prior artapproach). The quantization parameter values are differentially coded.In the MPEG-4 AVC Standard and in the first prior art approach, thequantization parameter of the previous block in the coding order in thecurrent slice is used as the predictor. In the second prior artapproach, the slice quantization parameter is used as the predictor.

In accordance with the present principles, we provide methods andapparatus for determining the quantization parameter predictor usingmultiple quantization parameters of the neighboring coded blocks. Thequantization parameter predictor calculation is defined by a rule, whichis known to both the encoder and decoder. One benefit of this schemeover prior schemes is the reduction of overhead needed for signalingquantization parameters to the decoder.

The quantization parameter is often adjusted to meet the target bit rateor adapt to the content to improve the visual quality. This causes QPvariations among the coding units. For purposes of description of thepresent principles, the word coding unit(s) is meant to include a broadspectrum of image partitions and regions including, but not limited toblocks, macroblocks, superblocks, supermacroblocks, submacroblocks, subblocks, image partitions, image geometric partitions, image regions,prediction unit, and transform unit. To reduce the overhead cost insignaling the QP difference, we disclose and describe methods andapparatus to improve the QP predictor performance. The QP predictor isformed by multiple QPs from neighboring blocks of previouslyencoded/decoded coding units, using the same method at both the encoderand decoder, thereby reducing the signaling overhead required.

Turning to FIG. 5, an exemplary quantization parameter encoding processin a video encoder is indicated generally by the reference numeral 500.The method 500 includes a start block 505 that passes control to a looplimit block 510. The loop limit block 510 begins a loop using a variablei having a range from 1, . . . , number (#) of coding units, and passescontrol to a function block 515. The function block 515 forms a QPpredictor (QP_(PRED)) using multiple QPs of previously encoded codingunits, and passes control to a function block 520. The function block520 sets the QP for each coding unit to QP_(CU), and passes control to afunction block 525. The function block 525 encodesdelta_QP=QP_(CU)−QP_(PRED), and passes control to a function block 530.The function block 530 encodes coding unit i, and passes control to aloop limit block 535. The loop limit block 535 ends the loop over thecoding units, and passes control to an end block 599. Regarding functionblock 515, the same coding units used for motion vector prediction canbe used to form the predictor QP_(PRED). For example, the coding unitsused to form the median motion vector in the MPEG-4 AVC Standard, or thecoding unit used in a motion vector competition can be used.

Turning to FIG. 6, an exemplary quantization parameter decoding processin a video decoder is indicated generally by the reference numeral 600.The method 600 includes a start block 605 that passes control to a looplimit block 610. The loop limit block 610 begins a loop using a variablei having a range from 1, . . . , number (#) of coding units, and passescontrol to a function block 615. The function block 615 forms a QPpredictor (QP_(PRED)) using multiple QPs of previously decoded codingunits, and passes control to a function block 620. The function block620 decodes delta_QP, and passes control to a function block 625. Thefunction block 625 sets the QP for each coding unit toQP_(CU)=delta_QP+QP_(PRED), and passes control to a function block 630.The function block 630 decodes coding unit i, and passes control to aloop limit block 635. The loop limit block 635 ends the loop over thecoding units, and passes control to an end block 699. Regarding functionblock 615, the same coding units used for motion vector prediction canbe used to form the predictor QP_(PRED). For example, the coding unitsused to form the median motion vector in the MPEG-4 AVC Standard, or thecoding unit used in a motion vector competition can be used.

QP Predictor (QP_(PRED)) Derivation

In the following, we disclose and describe a scheme to form the QPpredictor. The same methodology is used at both the encoder and decoderfor synchrony.

Providing high perceptual quality at the region of interest has apronounced impact in the overall perceptual quality. Hence a generalguideline in the QP adjustment is to assign lower QPs to the regions ofinterest to improve the perceptual quality and higher QPs to other areasto reduce the number of bits. Since the picture content has greatcontinuity, the QPs for neighboring coding units are often correlated.In the prior art, the correlation between the current QP and the QP ofthe previously coded block is exploited. Since the QP can also correlateto QPs from other neighboring blocks, we improve the QP predictor byconsidering more QPs. Turning to FIG. 7, exemplary neighboring codingunits are indicated generally by the reference numeral 700. Theneighboring coding units 700 include the following: left neighboringcoding unit indicated by A; top neighboring coding unit indicated by B;top-right neighboring coding unit indicated by C; and top-leftneighboring coding unit indicated by D). Neighboring coding units Athrough D are used to form a QP predictor for the current coding unitindicated by E. In one example, the definitions of A, B, C, and D arethe same as the blocks used for the MPEG-4 AVC Standard motion vectorpredictors. More QPs from other neighboring coding units can also beincluded to obtain the QP predictor.

The QP predictor will be formed according to a rule that is known toboth the encoder and decoder. Using the QP at coding unit A, B, and C,we provide a few exemplary rules as follows:

-   -   Rule 1: QP_(PRED)=median(QP_(A), QP_(B), QP_(C));    -   Rule 2: QP_(PRED)=min(QP_(A), QP_(B), QP_(C));    -   Rule 3: QP_(PRED)=max(QP_(A), QP_(B), QP_(C));    -   Rule 4: QP_(PRED)=mean(QP_(A), QP_(B), QP_(C)) or        QP_(PRED)=mean(QP_(A), QP_(B));

If not all the coding units (A, B, C) are available, we can replacetheir QPs with the SliceQP_(Y), or only use the available QPs to formthe predictor. For example, when coding unit A is unavailable, Rule 2becomes QP_(PRED)=min(QP_(B), QP_(C)). In another example, when not allcoding units are available, we can replace the missing QPs with QPs ofother blocks, for example using block D to replace block C.

Motion vector prediction in the MPEG-4 AVC Standard shares a similarphilosophy of generating the motion vector predictor using the medianvector of its neighboring motion vectors. The difference between themotion vector and the motion vector predictor is encoded and sent in thebitstream. To unify the prediction processes for both motion vector andQP, one embodiment is to use the same neighboring coding units topredict both the motion vector and QP when a block is coded in the INTERmode.

The VCEG “key technical area” (KTA) software (KTA software VersionKTA2.6) has provided a common platform to integrate the new advances invideo coding after the MPEG-4 AVC Standard is finalized. The proposal ofusing a motion vector competition was adopted into KTA. In the motionvector competition scheme, a coding block has a set of motion vectorpredictor candidates that include motion vectors of spatially ortemporally neighboring blocks. The best motion vector predictor isselected from the candidate set based on rate-distortion optimization.The index of the motion vector predictor in the set is explicitlytransmitted to the decoder if the set has more than one candidate. Tounify the prediction processes for both motion vector and QP, oneembodiment involves using the same neighboring coding units to predictboth the motion vector and QP when a block is coded in the INTER mode.Since the index of the motion vector predictor is already sent for themotion vector competition, no extra overhead is necessary for the QPpredictor.

Variation 1 Embodiment—QP Adjustment at Prediction Unit

The coding unit can be as large as 128×128. This translates into veryfew coding units in a picture. To meet the target bit rate accurately,the QP variation between the coding units may be large. One solution tosmooth the QP variation is to apply the QP adjustment at the predictionunit instead of the coding unit. We only need to send the QP differencewhen the prediction unit is not in a skip mode.

Turning to FIG. 8, another exemplary quantization parameter encodingprocess in a video encoder is indicated generally by the referencenumeral 800. It is to be appreciated that the method 800 involves QPadjustment at the prediction unit. The method 800 includes a start block805 that passes control to a loop limit block 810. The loop limit block810 begins a loop using a variable i having a range from 1, . . . ,number (#) of prediction units, and passes control to a function block815. The function block 815 forms a QP predictor (QP_(PRED)) usingmultiple QPs of previously encoded prediction units, and passes controlto a function block 820. The function block 820 sets the QP for eachprediction unit to QP_(PU), and passes control to a function block 825.The function block 825 encodes delta_QP=QP_(PU)−QP_(PRED), and passescontrol to a function block 830. The function block 830 encodesprediction unit i if prediction unit i is not in a skip mode, and passescontrol to a loop limit block 835. The loop limit block 835 ends theloop over the prediction units, and passes control to an end block 899.Regarding function block 815, the same prediction units used for motionvector prediction can be used to form the predictor QP_(PRED). Forexample, the prediction units used to form the median motion vector inthe MPEG-4 AVC Standard, or the prediction unit used in a motion vectorcompetition can be used.

Turning to FIG. 9, another exemplary quantization parameter decodingprocess in a video decoder is indicated generally by the referencenumeral 900. It is to be appreciated that the method 900 involves QPadjustment at the prediction unit. The method 900 includes a start block905 that passes control to a loop limit block 910. The loop limit block910 begins a loop using a variable i having a range from 1, . . . ,number (#) of prediction units, and passes control to a function block915. The function block 915 forms a QP predictor (QP_(PRED)) usingmultiple QPs of previously decoded prediction units, and passes controlto a function block 920. The function block 920 decodes delta_QP, andpasses control to a function block 925. The function block 925 sets theQP for each prediction unit to QP_(PU)=delta_QP+QP_(PRED), and passescontrol to a function block 930. The function block 930 decodesprediction unit i if prediction unit i is not in a skip mode, and passescontrol to a loop limit block 935. The loop limit block 935 ends theloop over the prediction units, and passes control to an end block 999.Regarding function block 915, the same prediction units used for motionvector prediction can be used to form the predictor QP_(PRED). Forexample, the prediction units used to form the median motion vector inthe MPEG-4 AVC Standard, or the prediction unit used in a motion vectorcompetition can be used.

Variation 2 Embodiment—QP Adjustment at Transform Unit

Similarly to variation 1, we can apply the QP adjustment at thetransform unit. We only need to send the QP difference when there arenon-zero transform coefficients in the transform unit.

Turning to FIG. 10, yet another exemplary quantization parameterencoding process in a video encoder is indicated generally by thereference numeral 1000. It is to be appreciated that the method 1000involves QP adjustment at the transform unit. The method 1000 includes astart block 1005 that passes control to a loop limit block 1010. Theloop limit block 1010 begins a loop using a variable i having a rangefrom 1, . . . , number (#) of transform units, and passes control to afunction block 1015. The function block 1015 forms a QP predictor(QP_(PRED)) using multiple QPs of previously encoded transform units,and passes control to a function block 1020. The function block 1020sets the QP for each transform unit to QP_(TU), and passes control to afunction block 1025. The function block 1025 encodesdelta_QP=QP_(TU)−QP_(PRED), and passes control to a function block 1030.The function block 1030 encodes transform unit i if transform unit i hasnon-zero coefficients, and passes control to a loop limit block 1035.The loop limit block 1035 ends the loop over the transform units, andpasses control to an end block 1099. Regarding function block 1015, thesame transform units used for motion vector prediction can be used toform the predictor QP_(PRED). For example, the transform units used toform the median motion vector in the MPEG-4 AVC Standard, or thetransform unit used in a motion vector competition can be used.

Turning to FIG. 11, yet another exemplary quantization parameterdecoding process in a video decoder is indicated generally by thereference numeral 1100. It is to be appreciated that the method 1100involves QP adjustment at the transform unit. The method 1100 includes astart block 1105 that passes control to a loop limit block 1110. Theloop limit block 1110 begins a loop using a variable i having a rangefrom 1, . . . , number (#) of transform units, and passes control to afunction block 1115. The function block 1115 forms a QP predictor(QP_(PRED)) using multiple QPs of previously decoded transform units,and passes control to a function block 1120. The function block 1120decodes delta_QP, and passes control to a function block 1125. Thefunction block 1125 sets the QP for each transform unit toQP_(TU)=delta_QP+QP_(PRED), and passes control to a function block 1130.The function block 1130 decodes transform unit i if transform unit i hasnon-zero coefficients, and passes control to a loop limit block 1135.The loop limit block 1135 ends the loop over the transform units, andpasses control to an end block 1199. Regarding function block 1115, thesame transform units used for motion vector prediction can be used toform the predictor QP_(PRED). For example, the transform units used toform the median motion vector in the MPEG-4 AVC Standard, or thetransform unit used in a motion vector competition can be used.

Syntax

Using the QP adjustment at the transform unit as an example, we describehow to design the syntax to apply to the present principles. A syntaxelement TU_delta_QP is used to specify the QP difference between the QPfor the current transform unit and the QP predictor. The QP differencecan also be specified at the prediction unit or coding unit. TABLE 1shows exemplary syntax in a transform unit, in accordance with anembodiment of the present principles.

TABLE 1 transform_unit( x0, y0, currTransformUnitSize) { C Descriptor if( currTransformUnitSize > MinTransformUnitSize &&   currTransformUnitSize <= MaxTransformUnitSize )  split_transform_unit_flag 3 | 4 u(1) | ae(v)  if(split_transform_unit_flag ) {   splitTransformUnitSize =currTransformUnitSize >> 1   x1 = x0 + splitTransformUnitSize   y1 =y0 + splitTransformUnitSize   transform_unit( x0, y0, 3 | 4splitTransformUnitSize)   if( x1 < PicWidthInSamples_(L) )    transform_unit( x1, y0, 3 | 4 splitTransformUnitSize)   if( y1 <PicHeightInSamples_(L) )     transform_unit( x0, y1, 3 | 4splitTransformUnitSize)   if( x1 < PicWidthInSamples_(L) && y1 <PicHeightInSamples_(L) )     transform_unit( x1, y1, 3 | 4splitTransformUnitSize)  } else {   coded_block_flag 3 | 4 u(1) | ae(v)   if( coded_block_flag) {      TU_delta_QP 3 | 4 ae(v)    }   . . .  }}

The semantics of a syntax element TU_delta_QP shown in TABLE 1 is asfollows:

TU_delta_QP specifies the value of the QP difference between the QP forthe current transform unit (QP_(TU)) and the QP predictor (QP_(PRED)).The QP for the transform unit (QP_(TU)) is derived asQP_(TU)=QP_(PRED)+TU_delta_QP. TU_delta_QP is only needed when there arenon-zero coefficients in the transform unit (i.e., code_block_flag isnot zero).

A description will now be given of some of the many attendantadvantages/features of the present invention, some of which have beenmentioned above. For example, one advantage/feature is an apparatushaving a encoder for encoding image data for at least a portion of apicture using a quantization parameter predictor for a currentquantization parameter to be applied to the image data, the quantizationparameter predictor being determined using multiple quantizationparameters from previously coded neighboring portions, wherein adifference between the current quantization parameter and thequantization parameter predictor is encoded for signaling to acorresponding decoder.

Another advantage/feature is the apparatus having the encoder asdescribed above, wherein the quantization parameter predictor isimplicitly derived based on a rule that is known to both the encoder andthe decoder.

Yet another advantage/feature is the apparatus having the encoderwherein the quantization parameter predictor is implicitly derived basedon a rule that is known to both the encoder and the decoder as describedabove, wherein the rule is for at least one of determining and selectingthe quantization parameter predictor responsive to at least one of aquantization parameter having a minimum value from among the multiplequantization parameters, a quantization parameter having a maximum valuefrom among the multiple quantization parameters, a quantizationparameter calculated from a median value of at least some of themultiple quantization parameters, and a quantization parametercalculated from a mean value of at least some of the multiplequantization parameters.

Still another advantage/feature is the apparatus having the encoder asdescribed above, wherein the quantization parameter predictor isselected from one or more quantization parameters corresponding to asame portion of the picture as that used for a motion vector prediction,the one or more quantization parameters being among the multiplequantization parameters.

Moreover, another advantage/feature is the apparatus having the encoderwherein the quantization parameter predictor is selected from one ormore quantization parameters corresponding to a same portion of thepicture as that used for a motion vector prediction, the one or morequantization parameters being among the multiple quantization parametersas described above, wherein a motion vector competition is used todetermine the motion vector predictor.

Further, another advantage/feature is the apparatus having the encoderas described above, wherein the image data is one of a coding unit, aprediction unit, and a transform unit.

Also, another advantage/feature is the apparatus having the encoderwherein the image data is one of a coding unit, a prediction unit, and atransform unit as described above, wherein the image data is theprediction unit, and the difference between the current quantizationparameter and the quantization parameter predictor is only encoded forsignaling to the corresponding decoder when the prediction unit is in anon-skip mode.

Additionally, another advantage/feature is the apparatus having theencoder as described above, wherein the image data is the transformunit, and the difference between the current quantization parameter andthe quantization parameter predictor is only encoded for signaling tothe corresponding decoder when the transform unit includes non-zerocoefficients.

These and other features and advantages of the present principles may bereadily ascertained by one of ordinary skill in the pertinent art basedon the teachings herein. It is to be understood that the teachings ofthe present principles may be implemented in various forms of hardware,software, firmware, special purpose processors, or combinations thereof.

Most preferably, the teachings of the present principles are implementedas a combination of hardware and software. Moreover, the software may beimplemented as an application program tangibly embodied on a programstorage unit. The application program may be uploaded to, and executedby, a machine comprising any suitable architecture. Preferably, themachine is implemented on a computer platform having hardware such asone or more central processing units (“CPU”), a random access memory(“RAM”), and input/output (“I/O”) interfaces. The computer platform mayalso include an operating system and microinstruction code. The variousprocesses and functions described herein may be either part of themicroinstruction code or part of the application program, or anycombination thereof, which may be executed by a CPU. In addition,various other peripheral units may be connected to the computer platformsuch as an additional data storage unit and a printing unit.

It is to be further understood that, because some of the constituentsystem components and methods depicted in the accompanying drawings arepreferably implemented in software, the actual connections between thesystem components or the process function blocks may differ dependingupon the manner in which the present principles are programmed. Giventhe teachings herein, one of ordinary skill in the pertinent art will beable to contemplate these and similar implementations or configurationsof the present principles.

Although the illustrative embodiments have been described herein withreference to the accompanying drawings, it is to be understood that thepresent principles is not limited to those precise embodiments, and thatvarious changes and modifications may be effected therein by one ofordinary skill in the pertinent art without departing from the scope orspirit of the present principles. All such changes and modifications areintended to be included within the scope of the present principles asset forth in the appended claims.

The invention claimed is:
 1. An apparatus, comprising: an encoder forimage data in at least a portion of a picture using a quantizationparameter predictor for a current quantization parameter to be appliedto the image data, the quantization parameter predictor incorporatingmultiple quantization parameters from previously coded neighboringportions, the encoder signaling to a corresponding decoder a differencebetween the current quantization parameter and the quantizationparameter predictor, and the quantization parameter predictor is themean value of the quantization parameters of the previously codedneighboring portion to the left and the previously coded neighboringportion above the portion currently being encoded when these neighboringportions are available, and if at least one of said neighboring portionsis not available, basing the quantization parameter predictor onquantization parameters from at least one available neighboring portion.2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the quantization parameterpredictor is implicitly derived based on a rule that is known to boththe encoder and the decoder.
 3. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein therule is for at least one of determining and selecting the quantizationparameter predictor responsive to at least one of a quantizationparameter having a minimum value from among the multiple quantizationparameters, a quantization parameter having a maximum value from amongthe multiple quantization parameters, a quantization parametercalculated from a median value of at least some of the multiplequantization parameters, and a quantization parameter calculated from amean value of at least some of the multiple quantization parameters. 4.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the quantization parameter predictoris selected from one or more quantization parameters corresponding to asame portion of the picture as that used for a motion vector prediction,the one or more quantization parameters being among the multiplequantization parameters.
 5. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein a motionvector competition is used to determine the motion vector predictor. 6.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the image data is one of a codingunit, a prediction unit, and a transform unit.
 7. The apparatus of claim6, wherein the image data is the prediction unit, and the differencebetween the current quantization parameter and the quantizationparameter predictor is only encoded for signaling to the correspondingdecoder when the prediction unit is in a non-skip mode.
 8. The apparatusof claim 1, wherein the image data is the transform unit, and thedifference between the current quantization parameter and thequantization parameter predictor is only encoded for signaling to thecorresponding decoder when the transform unit includes non-zerocoefficients.
 9. An apparatus, comprising: a decoder for decoding imagedata for at least a portion of a picture using a quantization parameterpredictor for a current quantization parameter to be applied to theimage data, the quantization parameter predictor being determined usingmultiple quantization parameters from previously coded neighboringportions, wherein a difference between the current quantizationparameter and the quantization parameter predictor is decoded for use indecoding the image data, and wherein said quantization parameterpredictor is determined by finding the mean of the quantizationparameters of the previously coded neighboring portion to the left andthe previously coded neighboring portion above the portion currentlybeing encoded when these neighboring portions are available, and if atleast one of said neighboring portions is not available, basing thequantization parameter predictor on quantization parameters from atleast one available neighboring portion.
 10. The apparatus of claim 9,wherein the quantization parameter predictor is implicitly derived basedon a rule that is known to both the decoder and a corresponding encoder.11. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the rule is for at least one ofdetermining and selecting the quantization parameter predictorresponsive to at least one of a quantization parameter having a minimumvalue from among the multiple quantization parameters, a quantizationparameter having a maximum value from among the multiple quantizationparameters, a quantization parameter calculated from a median value ofat least some of the multiple quantization parameters, and aquantization parameter calculated from a mean value of at least some ofthe multiple quantization parameters.
 12. The apparatus of claim 9,wherein the quantization parameter predictor is selected from one ormore quantization parameters corresponding to a same portion of thepicture as that used for a motion vector prediction, the one or morequantization parameters being among the multiple quantizationparameters.
 13. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein a motion vectorcompetition is used to determine the motion vector predictor.
 14. Theapparatus of claim 9, wherein the image data is one of a coding unit, aprediction unit, and a transform unit.
 15. The apparatus of claim 14,wherein the image data is the prediction unit, and the differencebetween the current quantization parameter and the quantizationparameter predictor is only decoded when the prediction unit is in anon-skip mode.
 16. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the image data isthe transform unit, and the difference between the current quantizationparameter and the quantization parameter predictor is only decoded whenthe transform unit includes non-zero coefficients.